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various process of thermodynamics

various proces of thermodynamics

1) isothermal process: 

during this proces, temperature has constant. so change in temperature also becomes zero.

 ∆T = 0

Because of ∆T=0, Also ∆U(change in internal energy) will be zero. because we have Equation for ∆U,

           ∆U=Cv∆T

2) Adiabatic process:

during this process, heat of syatem will be constant. system did not gain or loose heat during this process.

so,.      ∆Q=0

3) Isobaric process:

during this process, system pressure becomes constant or not change occurs in pressure of system.

so...      ∆P=0

4) Isochoric process:

during this process, volume of system has constant. so during this process, work done by system will be zero.

       ∆V=0

Why workdone will be zero during isochoric process?

Ans: because of equation of work done, we have Equation for work done is

            W=P∆V.        ...................1

in equation 1 for isochoric process ∆V=0. so work done will be zero.

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Soap and saponification

• Soap and Saponification:

soap is mixture of salts of higher fatty acids. Mettalic elements may be Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Lithium(Li), Zinc(Zn), Lead(Pb). This determines the application of soap and name of the soap. The higher fatty acids may be saturated such as Lauric acid, Mystric acid, Palmitic acid, or unsaturated acid such as Oleic acid obtained from oil/fats.

The process of manufacture of the soap is called saponification.

Preparation of soap

 Kinds of soaps:

Two kinds of soap 1) Laundry soap 2) Toiletry soap

Ordinary soap is in fact a mixture of Sodium salt of high long fatty acids. Soap varies in composition and method of processing. There are variety of soap available in market Such as floating soap, transparent soap, medicated soap, shaving soap, toiletry soap, Laundry soap etc.

If soap is made from olive oil it is called castile soap.Alcohol is added to make it transparent.Air is beaten into to make it floating. toiletry soap are manufacture from good quality of oil and they contain potassium metal and they are known as a soft soap. laundry soap contains sodium and are manufacture from non-edible oil like a cheaper oil/fats. they are called hard soap. Perfume , dye , germicides and material are added to make soaps heavy , attractive and acceptable to people. 

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types of oil

• TYPES OF OIL:

      Drying oil:

Drying oils are fatty oils of vegetable matter that can react chemically with the oxygen in the air to solidify and become dry to touch. Drying oils thicken and harden into a paint film over two to five day periods.

Drying oils is both the binder and the vehicle for the pigments that are used in oil painting.

Some example are 

1.Raw drying oil : Linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnuts oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil,

2. Processed oils : Sun thickened oil, stand oil

Drying oils dry and harden in normal temperature because these oils contain linolenic acid is found . this acid combined with oxygen in the air. Linolenic acid is found in linseed oil. this acid combine with oxygen rather than linoleic  acid and provides strong film and good drying speed. linoleic acid is found in poppy oil.

Linseed oil contains 60% of Linolenic acid and 10-20% of Linoleic acid. Poppy oil contains 0% of Linolenic acid and 70% of linoleic acid. Walnuts oil contains 10-15% of Linolenic acid and 60% of Linoleic acid.

semi drying oil:

 A non drying oil is an oil which does not harden when it is exposed to air. Non drying oils  and vegetable  such as peanut oil and cottonseed oil , that resembles animal fats and because  they do not oxidize naturally and harden are unsuitable as a binder for paint.

Oils with an iodine number of less than 115 are consider non drying.

Example are almond oil, Babassu oil, coconut oil, Nahar oil, Olive oil, Macadamia oil

Mineral oil:

Crude oil or petroleum and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals are resources in the modern economy. crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic material such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil. it is classified as "mineral oil" is  instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote  and because and sands. Mineral oil also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil.  

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